Here’s my take on this, and it’s a common predicament.
The most direct approach is restoring from a recent iCloud backup. The upside is that if a backup was made before you deleted the notes, you will get them back. The significant downside, however, is that this process will revert your entire iPhone to the state of that backup, meaning you’ll lose any data created since then.
Before you take that step, double-check iCloud.com on your MacBook’s browser. Sometimes the web version has a slightly different sync state or its own ‘Recently Deleted’ folder that’s worth a look. As a final option, some third-party data recovery tools claim to be able to find deleted files, though their success can be hit-or-miss. This situation really highlights the value of having a secondary backup or monitoring system in place for critical information.